Behaviorism is one stream of psychology that believes that in order to examine the behavior of individuals must be made to each individual activity that can be observed, not on hypothetical events that occur within the individual. Therefore, the adherents of behaviorism balked flow of aspects of consciousness or mentality in the individual. This view has actually been going on for a long time since Ancient Greece, when psychology was still considered part of the study of philosophy. But the birth of formal psychological behaviorism as the flow started by JB Watson in 1913 who considered psychology as part of the faulty world of experimental science and objective, and therefore must use the methods of empirical psychology, such as: observation, conditioning, testing, and verbal reports.
Watson's main theory of the concept of stimulus and response (SR) in psychology. Stimulus object is anything that comes from the environment. While the response is all the activities in response to the stimulus, ranging from simple to advanced level. Watson does not believe in hereditary elements (descendants) as a determinant of human behavior and the behavior is the result of learning so that elements of the environment is very important. Thought Watson became the basis for the adherents of the next behaviorism.
The theories developed by the group generated a lot of behaviorism, especially through various experiments on animals. Here are some important theories generated by a group of behaviorism:
1. Connectionism (S-R Bond) by Thorndike.
From the experiments conducted on cats produce Thorndike's laws of learning, including:
* Law of Effect, meaning that if a satisfactory response effect, the relationship Stimulus - response will be stronger. Conversely, the effect achieved is not satisfactory response, it also weakened the relationship between stimulus-response.
* Law of Readiness; means that readiness refers to the assumption that the satisfaction derived from the organism pemdayagunaan introductory unit (conduction units), where these units lead to a tendency that drives organisms to do or not do something.
* Law of Exercise, meaning that the relationship between stimuli with increases in response closely, if often trained and will be further reduced if rare or not trained.
2. By Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning
From Pavlov's experiments conducted on a dog produce laws of learning, including:
* Law of respondents conditioning that is required by law habituation. If two kinds of stimuli presented simultaneously (one of whom serves as a reinforcer), then the reflex and other stimulus will increase.
* Extinction Law of respondents demanded the extermination of law. If the reflexes that have been strengthened through conditioning RESPONDENT was brought back without presenting reinforcer, then the strength will decrease.
3. Operant conditioning according B.F. Skinner
From the experiments conducted B.F. Skinner on rats and pigeons produce further against the laws of learning, including:
* Law of operant conditining ie, if accompanied by the emergence of stimulus reinforcement behavior, then the strength of these behaviors will increase.
* Law of operant Extinction that is if the occurrence of operant behavior has been strengthened through the process of conditioning stimulus was not accompanied by reinforcement, the strength of these behaviors will decrease and even disappear.
Reber (Muhibin Shah, 2003) mentions that what is meant by operant is a behavior that carries the same effect on the environment. The response in operant conditioning occur without preceded by a stimulus, but by the effects of reinforcer. Reinforcer itself is basically a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a number of specific responses, but not intentionally held as a couple other stimuli such as in classical conditioning.
4. According to Albert Bandura's Social Learning
Social learning theory also called theory of observational learning is a learning theory that is still relatively new compared with other learning theories. Unlike the adherents of other Behaviorism, Bandura view individual behavior is not purely automatic reflex of the stimulus (SR Bond), but also a result of reactions that arise as a result of interaction between the environment with the individual's own cognitive schemes. The basic principle of learning according to this theory, that the studied individuals, especially in social and moral learning occurs through imitation (Imitation) and presenting examples of behavior (modeling). This theory is also still looking at the importance of conditioning. Through the reward and punishment, an individual will think and decide which social behavior needs to be done.
Watson's main theory of the concept of stimulus and response (SR) in psychology. Stimulus object is anything that comes from the environment. While the response is all the activities in response to the stimulus, ranging from simple to advanced level. Watson does not believe in hereditary elements (descendants) as a determinant of human behavior and the behavior is the result of learning so that elements of the environment is very important. Thought Watson became the basis for the adherents of the next behaviorism.
The theories developed by the group generated a lot of behaviorism, especially through various experiments on animals. Here are some important theories generated by a group of behaviorism:
1. Connectionism (S-R Bond) by Thorndike.
From the experiments conducted on cats produce Thorndike's laws of learning, including:
* Law of Effect, meaning that if a satisfactory response effect, the relationship Stimulus - response will be stronger. Conversely, the effect achieved is not satisfactory response, it also weakened the relationship between stimulus-response.
* Law of Readiness; means that readiness refers to the assumption that the satisfaction derived from the organism pemdayagunaan introductory unit (conduction units), where these units lead to a tendency that drives organisms to do or not do something.
* Law of Exercise, meaning that the relationship between stimuli with increases in response closely, if often trained and will be further reduced if rare or not trained.
2. By Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning
From Pavlov's experiments conducted on a dog produce laws of learning, including:
* Law of respondents conditioning that is required by law habituation. If two kinds of stimuli presented simultaneously (one of whom serves as a reinforcer), then the reflex and other stimulus will increase.
* Extinction Law of respondents demanded the extermination of law. If the reflexes that have been strengthened through conditioning RESPONDENT was brought back without presenting reinforcer, then the strength will decrease.
3. Operant conditioning according B.F. Skinner
From the experiments conducted B.F. Skinner on rats and pigeons produce further against the laws of learning, including:
* Law of operant conditining ie, if accompanied by the emergence of stimulus reinforcement behavior, then the strength of these behaviors will increase.
* Law of operant Extinction that is if the occurrence of operant behavior has been strengthened through the process of conditioning stimulus was not accompanied by reinforcement, the strength of these behaviors will decrease and even disappear.
Reber (Muhibin Shah, 2003) mentions that what is meant by operant is a behavior that carries the same effect on the environment. The response in operant conditioning occur without preceded by a stimulus, but by the effects of reinforcer. Reinforcer itself is basically a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a number of specific responses, but not intentionally held as a couple other stimuli such as in classical conditioning.
4. According to Albert Bandura's Social Learning
Social learning theory also called theory of observational learning is a learning theory that is still relatively new compared with other learning theories. Unlike the adherents of other Behaviorism, Bandura view individual behavior is not purely automatic reflex of the stimulus (SR Bond), but also a result of reactions that arise as a result of interaction between the environment with the individual's own cognitive schemes. The basic principle of learning according to this theory, that the studied individuals, especially in social and moral learning occurs through imitation (Imitation) and presenting examples of behavior (modeling). This theory is also still looking at the importance of conditioning. Through the reward and punishment, an individual will think and decide which social behavior needs to be done.
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